Racism Racism And Racism - 1576 Words

Racism in Ralph’s Ellison Battle Royal Racism is known to be among the factors having huge negative impacts on the society at large. Racism brings about thoughts of ignorance, hatred, and evil. From this fact, it is clear that racism is an aspect which should be taken into close consideration and dealt with. Ralph Ellison in his Battle Royal, provides information on racism and how it affects the society. He uses this life experience to make readers view and understand how devastating racism is. Ellison’s story on a young black boy’s life experience is used to show that racism is wrong and should be done eliminated for the purpose of making the society a better place to be. This paper seeks to provide a deeper insight of racism in Ralph’s†¦show more content†¦A negative aspect of life that holds on from generation to generation is not a good sign. The narrator points out that his grandparents were slaves. This statement only means that the administration has not done enough in fighting racism. More has to be done and new approaches should be implemented if positive changes are to take place. It is quite a challenge for people who face racism every day to look forward to the future (McCallo 286). An individual who has to deal with evil and hatred does not feel safe in the society. Not only did his grandparents deal with racism, but also his parents. â€Å"Live with your head in the lion s mouth. I want you to overcome them with yeses, undermine them with grins, agree on them to death and destruction, let them swoller you till they vomit or bust wide open.† These expressions were said to the black boy’s father by the grandfather. With this statement, it is a clear that it was not easy to fight racism. They were discriminated against, and for them to go on with life, they had to fight back with all their strength. It was not an easy task, but it had to be undertaken. The young black boy does not understand why he is praised for behaving in a way his grandfather defines as treachery. He is forced to behave the same but at the same time, is guilty. He feels like his behavior is against the wishes of the white people. He is at this point confused because he would not understand whyShow MoreRelatedRacism : Racism And Racism1544 Words   |  7 PagesTo understand whether or not racism is learnt, we first have to divulge into the nature of racism. It is usually assumed that racism has been a part of civilisation since civilisation started, that it is embedded into how people work and that no matter what, it will always exist. Another assumption is that racism derives from the capitalism of the slave trade by white elitist men seeking to dehumanize people for economic gain, and used racism as a way to mask their financial motives to justify enslavementRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racism1003 Words   |  5 Pagesracism: Racism-â€Å"the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races.† Imagine, 5 black men. Singing a church song still faithful for hope. Chained and cuffed together. Flies follow them as they walk by in the dry hot desert. With the white oppressor behind them yelling nasty words that poison their brain. Yet they still sing and wait and keep faith. In some statesRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racism1751 Words   |  8 PagesRacism Social Justice Topic Issue Corbin Metz H R – 3013 University of Oklahoma Racism Social Justice Topic Issue Today in our society, racism is a very popular social justice topic issue, which affects many of the lives of those around us on a daily basis. Individuals as well as organizations and institutions widely commit the act of racism and these issues are embedded in their policies, procedures, and practices (Calgary). The first signs of racism beginning to arise in the worldRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racism953 Words   |  4 PagesRacism in America â€Å"Racism is a refuge for the ignorant. It seeks to destroy. It is the enemy of freedom, and it deserves to be met head-on and stamped out.† - Pierre Berton Racism is the unjust hate for any people who are simply different for a various array of reasons. It is all around us and always will be, but that does not give us the right to be passive on the subject. This discrimination against culturally diverse people is hurting our â€Å" land of the free†, one racist remark at a time.Read MoreRacism : Racism And Racism1181 Words   |  5 PagesThis issue of racism is popular by name but tends to be sugar coated by the way people see it. In order to truly understand racism you need to take a bite into the topic in order to get a taste of what it is really like. Racism comes in many different forms and can be seen many different ways. But why even care about racism at all? Why does it even matter? One would think that with such a harsh background regarding racism in America it would no longer exist in society today. But sadly that is notRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racism989 Words   |  4 PagesRacism in America Racism discrimination has been one of our society’s most horrible social problems. In the words of the famous Martin Luther King judging an individual by the color of their skin rather than the content of their character can be a very dehumanizing experience that can have lasting effects on an individual life. Racism in America has not come to a cease. Racism promotes negative personal relations between people of different cultures. I believe slavery started around the 1500sRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racism1971 Words   |  8 PagesRacism has come to be a very important topic in today’s society. Many are talking about the injustices when it comes mostly when it comes to African-Americans and Caucasians in authority. Many have deemed the incidents of Trayvon Martin, Freddie Gray, Sandra Bland, Walter Scott, Akai Gurley, Tamir Rice, the Spring Valley High School video, and even the Charleston Shooting to name a few as reactions to racism. Out of the people talking about these events, only a few really know the meaning of racismRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racism2243 Words   |  9 PagesRacism, a topic which has become especially touchy in modern times. It is quite clear that racism is alive not only in the United States, but across the globe. Though the topic is widely talked about, nobody really does anything to stop it. People will be quick to elaborate on the fact that it should be stopped, then m ake no changes themselves. Yet do they truly understand the concepts of racism and what it really means to be racist? Granted everybody understands that it is racist to hate a groupRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racism996 Words   |  4 PagesCovert Racism Introduction Racism; ‘the belief that races have distinctive cultural characteristics determined by hereditary factors and that this endows some races with an intrinsic superiority over others’ (Collins English Dictionary 2012) and thus leading to ‘abusive or aggressive behaviour towards members of another race on the basis of such a belief’ (Collins English Dictionary 2012). Over time, racism has transformed from a blatant and overt form into a passive style of prejudice and discriminationRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racism1094 Words   |  5 PagesRacism has been an issue that has caused controversial debates for years. It is a topic that stirs up lots of emotions within people and continues to be an argument for all. When there has been a shooting between a white and a colored or a cop and a colored person, people blame it on racism. They state that since the white cop shot the black man it simply means the cop was racist. Then the people want to speak that justice needs to be served and the cop needs to be put in prison or released from

State University Of Missouri s Alcohol Policy - 1809 Words

University of Missouri University of Missouri’s alcohol policy for their tailgate functions is comparable to Missouri State University’s. Mizzou’s Rules and Regulations handbook states under the alcohol policy on page 8 that â€Å"Students and their guests are not permitted to consume, manufacture, use, possess, sell, or distribute alcohol in or on the premises of the University-owned or –operated residential or dining locations, regardless of their age.† As well, stated under Mizzou’s tailgating policy they state that tailgating is a longstanding tradition before Mizzou football contests, built on the tradition of enjoying the fellowship of friends, the Mizzou Spirit, and great Mizzou Football. The University of Missouri and Mizzou Athletics encourage responsible tailgating in an effort to enhance the game day experience, ensure a safe game day atmosphere to all fans, and preserve the beauty of campus. Individuals, groups and organizations holding or participating in tailgate parties are responsible for their own conduct, and are expected to respect the rights of other and the entire University community. †¢ Individuals are responsible for compliance with all local and state laws governing alcohol consumption. †¢ University Rules permit the use of alcoholic beverages at tailgate parties or picnic activities at NCAA intercollegiate athletic events only on the day of the event and in the general proximity of the event, including outdoor locations or in outdoor parking areas. †¢ InShow MoreRelatedRacial Discrimination Is A Social Injustice Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pages Racial discrimination is a social injustice we face in society. In the United States, racial discrimination against minorities in the criminal justice system triggers a range of societal issues that influence African Americans, particularly males. African Americans have been affected in this area in two significant regards. First, African Americans are more likely to be victimized by crime than are other groups. This creates a set of individual and community problems which impede upon other areasRead MoreShould Sports Gambling Be Legal?2342 Words   |  10 Pagesgambling has gained popularity in the United States after a long history of prohibition in many parts of the country. Casino gambling was outlawed in the early 1900’s before being legalized in Nevada and the city of Las Vegas in 1931. In 1978, gambling was legalized in Atlantic City, New Jersey (casino-history.org). Las Vegas continues to dominate as the number one casino destination. Atlantic City and New Jersey have taken a hit as completion in surrounding states increases every year. Pennsylvania surpassedRead MoreThe Mormon Church1710 Words   |  7 Pagesother families in my neighborhood were young, White, middle class, highly educated, conservative, heterosexual, and Mormon with European ancestry. My father, along with most of the other fathers in the neighborhood, was a professor at Brigham Young University. Our culture was based on the teachings of the Mormon Church with a rich pioneer heritage which we celebrated every 24th of July. As children, we would don pioneer garb, decorate wagons and bikes to look like covered wagons or handcarts and marchRead MoreEssay about The American Civil War Was Inevitable1813 Words   |  8 Pagesthat will split the United States into North versus South is truly one of the most defining events in American history. Through numerous events leading up to the start of the Civil War, I will attempt to show how the United States was destined for conflict and that the Civil War was inevitable. The first way I will show how the war could not be avoided will deal with the issue of slavery. Slavery should be the first mentioned because many conflicts within the United States leading up to the Civil WarRead MoreDrugs : A Dominant Dilemma2393 Words   |  10 Pagesmany ways, including the exchange of information within the brain, is slowed. The usage of drugs ruins the users looks, makes them depressed, and contributes to slipping grades. Although it is illegal for someone to purchase, possess, or consume alcohol under the age of 19, many teenagers do. In addition to breaking the law, these teenagers put themselves into vulnerable situations, that can change their lives forever. Drugs produce unpredictable, erratic, and violent reactions that lead to seriousRead MoreThe American Travesty : The History And Evidence Behind The Veil Of Racism 3348 Words   |  14 Pagesfor Smith. Sadly, history reveals that this was not the circumstance. During the 1700’s, America was one of several countries to embrace chattel slavery. Though slavery is no longer legal in the US, its effects have still rippled the waters of history. Today America stands on trial. It is guilty of failing to fulfill its role as a government by promoting flourishing. Slavery and segregation in the United States have impeded the economic flourishing amongst Black American communities. History andRead MoreThe Systematic Destruction of the Native American Nations in the 1830s1887 Words   |  8 PagesIn the 1830’s, the American government decided to relocate the Native American peoples to territories west of the Mississippi. The government came up with many reasons that the Native Americans had to move. Those tribes that did not move voluntarily were forcefully relocated from their ancestral lands. This forced move would later be known as T he Trail of Tears. The American government came up with many reasons that the Native American peoples needed to move west of the Mississippi. Many EasternersRead MoreCasino Industry Strategy Case Study Essay6573 Words   |  27 Pages ¼ of the U.S. adult population spends money at a casino at least once a year. Casinos are one of the main contributors to the economy of the USA contributing to this with total revenue around $32.5 billion in 2009. They are very important to the states in which they are settled thankful the employment they offer and the numerous business opportunities for local producers. Casinos provide more than $5.6 billion in direct gaming tax revenues, which of course help local and national economies. MoreoverRead MoreCivil Rights Essay1768 Words   |  8 Pagesseven decades. 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Due to the availability of other options, the unnecessary testing of already proven theories, and the un reliability of results, it is evident that the rights and humane treatment of animals has precedence over their use in medical research. Until the 1960’s, the

Malicious Attacks Free Essays

Malicious attacks basically seek to exploit vulnerabilities in a network. These threats can be passive or active and have very negative consequences. The difference between active and passive attacks are that active attacks makes changes or modifications to the data or attempt to gain some type of access to the network, while passive attacks do not make changes to the system at all. We will write a custom essay sample on Malicious Attacks or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Solomon, 2012, there are many malicious attacks and threats that can be carried out against the network, some of which are identified below: -Brute force attacks are one of the most tried and true attack methods where the attacker uses a software program to try all possible combinations of a password, security code or user ID, until one of them is successful. -Hijacking is another type of attack that involves the attacker taking control of a session between two machines and masquerades as one of them. This can involve man-in-the-middle, browser or session hijacking. Social engineering is another common attack where the attacker tricks the user in carrying out actions for them; for example, the attacker may obtain the user’s login credentials by posing as an IT Specialist which would then help the intruder gain access to the network. -Computer viruses act like a biological virus, where it infects the host program and could cause the host program to replicate itself to other computers. Some of these viruses have become smarter with the capability to combat malware-detection programs by disabling their detection functions. Trojan horse is a malware program that masquerades as a useful program They use their outward appears to trick users into running them; they look like programs that perform useful tasks but actually hid malicious code. -Rootkits are newer types of malware that modifies or replaces one or more existing programs to hide traces of attacks. -Spyware is a type of malware that specifically threatens the confidentiality of information. It does this by gathering information about a user through an Internet connection without the users’ knowledge. The impacts of all of the above attacks could damage or disrupt the system. It could also cause security privileges to be escalated to allow the intruder to access, modify or even delete private data. Additionally, as a result of any intrusion on the network, users would experience PC slowness, crashes and just no access at all to necessary resources. Malicious software is a major threat to the network, internal attackers, equipment theft and denial threats can pose even more of threat. Internal ttackers reside within the company and could be a cybercriminal, which is why it’s important to monitor the threats constantly and carefully. Equipment theft can also pose a serious threat because if equipment ends up in the wrong hands, confidential information could be exposed like account numbers or access codes. Lastly, Denial threats make assets or resources unavailable or unusable by flooding a specific port on a server rendering authorized users no access to import resources, wh ich could be a severe impact. If there is a vulnerability in the network or organization, then there is a possibility of a threat. If the vulnerability can be eliminated or addressed, the risks of attacks or threats are greatly decreased. Some common vulnerabilities are listed below according to Radack, 2013: -In the user domain where the user lacks the awareness of security policies or accidental violation of acceptable use policy in the user domain. -In the workstation domain there could be weaknesses in installed software and where unauthorized users could access the system. In the LAN domain, transmitting private data unencrypted, unauthorized network access and where malicious software can be spread -In the LAN-to-WAN domain there could be exposure and unauthorized access of internal resources to the public and loss of productivity due to internet access. -In the remote access domain is where brute-force attacks occur on access and private data and data leakage from remote access or lost storage devices. In the system and application domain there could be unauthorized physical or logical access to resources and weaknesses in server operating system or application software. -With VoIP there could be default manufacturer passwords still in place, insecure class-of-service settings and trunk access group restriction settings. The impact of any vulnerability is of course the possibility of a threat succeeding. A vulnerability is considered a weakness and any weakness in a network or organization will quickly be exploited by an attacker. The attacker is able to obtain information in all seven domains if one domain is not fully protected. For example, if a brute-force attack is deployed on a network and successful, it could affect users access to resources. Users could be in accordance with security policies and following correct protocol in order to protect the network as much as they can but if the brute-force attack is indeed successful, they efforts are thwarted. This is why it’s important to address each and every possible vulnerability in the seven domains of a network. If users are equipped with the right security tools; workstations are secure with strict access control policies; LAN servers are secured with various standards and guidelines; LAN-to-WAN security should maintained while allowing users as much access as possible; WAN domain has confidential encryption of data transmission; remote access domain has security controls applied according to policies; lastly if the systems/application domain has security policies, procedures and guidelines implemented in the various applications or systems, all vulnerabilities would be addressed. How to cite Malicious Attacks, Papers

Theories Of Crime And Criminology Behavior - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Theories Of Crime And Criminology Behavior. Answer: Introduction Gender and crime are two interrelated terms and help in bringing out different perspectives on deviance. One of such perspectives is the feminists approach where the different aspects of the criminal justice system are stated to be affected as a result of the difference in the approach adopted towards the genders. Crime is something which is committed by both men and women, but it also cannot be denied that men commit more serious crime against women and that women are mostly the victims of criminal activities (Kruttschnitt, 2013). Feminist perspective majorly relates to the stereotyping of the women in the criminal justices system, which includes them being victims and even perpetrators of heinous crimes, in addition to being the justice providers under this system, due to their perceived soft nature. The key belief of feminism is that men and women are equal. The feminism perspective is thus aimed towards getting an equalized treatment when it comes to gender and crime and also sho ws that there is equality between the genders under criminology (Belknap, 2014). In the following parts, the feminist perspective has been critically evaluated in order to analyse their contribution to criminology. Critical Analysis Feminism is not a single theory and expands to a diverse set of agendas and perspectives. The need for feminism perspective stems from the fact that in all the guises of criminology, women are ignored to a huge extent (Bryson, 2016). The formation, production and even the dissemination of criminological knowledge is dominated by men and their discussions. It has been stated that the developments in the 20th century criminology have been inhabited by men alone, and the experiences of women are not even registered for passing comments by the researchers. Even when women are noted, the same is done just through the eyes of men or the male youth. This is the reason why women are always deemed as victims of crimes or weak and feeble creations. Women are victimized when it comes to crime and they become the target of heinous crimes, particularly from sexual assault and domestic abuse. This perceived feeble biological and psychological nature of women has portrayed them as victims of crime more often than their male counterparts (Connell, 2014). Criminal justice systems have, as per the arguments of feminists, neglected the victimization of women and as a result of this ignorance, the female exploitation continues. Even when it is known that crime is conducted against women more often than men, the conviction for rape remains low, which shows the bias. Till a few years back, it was possible for a man to kill his wife after raping her and plead provocation. Even though women used to stay silent in the past about abuses and assaults, the changed times have led to voice being raised against such criminal activities against women. There is also an underrepresentation of women in criminal justice field which has further fuelled the need for a feministic perspective. Women, owing to them being deemed as the caring section, are usually present in the Probation Service Staff. And when it comes to the stricter positions, they are dominated by the males owing to them being deemed as strict and stronger. So, the criminal justice system adopted an asymmetric approach towards gender (Rosenfeld and Penrod, 2011). Feminist criminology was born in late 1960s and 1970s and this was deemed as a second wave of feminism movement which helped in projecting issues which had an impact over the women in public domain. This view helped in gaining an understanding on the women being victims and also the perpetrators of crime. The relationship of criminology and feminism had been embedded with rich exploration of discipline, policy, methods and epistemology. The existing theories and concepts in the criminology field were challenged with this perspective. The critique of British Criminology, Carol Smart (1976) made an observation that women accounted for a very small percentage as being offenders, which led to the focus being placed on women and crime as an issue. It had been argued by Smart that there is a discrimination against women on the basis of sex, and sexism influences the determination of sentencing, punishment and incarceration of women (Simpson, 1989). The police, judges and the other personne l in the criminal justice system have been blamed for the stereotyping of women where it is assumed that a woman would go mad where they go against their biological nature of compliance or passivity and thus commit some criminal activity. This view has been furthered by Spelman who have stated that crime has overlooked the difference as an issue. She placed an argument that feminists concentrated on the privileged women and this results in stereotypical outlooks towards the female offenders (Simpson, 1989). Conversely, the dramatic upsurge of women in criminal activities is seen as the second wave of feminism by Alder. Alder (1995) has placed the argument that even when women were fighting for equal opportunity in context of the male counterparts, the determined women made their way in the key crime scenes like the white collar crimes, robbery and murder. Apart from this, he also stated that the climbing corporate ladder is also changing the nature in the growing involvement of women in criminal activities. The feminist scholars basically attempted challenge the approach of male criminology and towards rectification of the failure in addressing the role played by women when it came to crime and criminal activities. A study was conducted in 1979 by Cerkovich and Giordano for women between the ages of 17 to 29. These studies showed that the response of more liberated participants was less delinquent. An example of this was when they discovered that women responding to the women being involved in the work force instead of staying at home and carrying domestic chores were the least delinquent. When a study on women prisoners was conducted, it was further shown that a high number of women came from impoverished and uneducated backgrounds. The motives of their offending were not liberated which was contrary to the theory of Alder on emancipation conformity posing an offending opportunity. It had been highlighted by Farrington that women were not subjected to severe punishments when compared to the males. It also came to the notice that women indulged in less serious crime and used less violence. Along with this, the feminists in criminology field used defences like post natal depression as giving the reason for their offending. There have also been cited the biological reasons in the majority cases of female criminality which shows that the society has ignored the social and economical reasons behind the offending by females (Gelsthorpe Morris 1990). The work of feminists has not only developed a critique over the accumulated wisdom regarding the female victims and offenders, but they have also highlighted the institutional sexism in the criminological theories, practices and policies. As has been touched earlier, the treatment of women in courts shows that there is an assumed practice of chivalry which shows a huge misunderstanding regarding their sentencing, and the women who do not hold proper gender roles as being a good wife or a good mother, as seen as doubly deviant. The women who have been imprisoned have been shown to be promoted and enforced in domestic roles in the penal regimes. It has also been revealed by the feminist researchers that the girls are penalized for such behaviour which in case is no condoned in boys, is seen as normal (Gelsthorpe, 2003). However, this feminist view has been deemed by the mainstream criminological theorists as being politically driven instead of being neutral (Pinnick, Koertge, and Almeder 2003). Though, this very criticism can be weakened through the realization that all the theories, which includes the theories of such mainstream criminologist is value laden (Kathleen, 2006). Jody Miller (2003) has highlighted that the rejection of feminist criminology as being political holds critique which certainly could not be deemed s legitimate. It has been pointed out that some of the key critiques of this perspective have been formed from the debates carried out amongst the feminists. Feminists perspective has also been criticized for being primarily focused on heterosexual, white and middle class womens interests. It has been argued within the feminist criminology that this view deems men as criminal yardstick; the result of which is equating justice with equality, instead of taking into consideration the o ther influential views like ethnicity, race or social class. Another major criticism of feminism perspective stems from the need of reconciling the difference amongst them in order to steer clear of polarization, especially when it comes to sexuality. This is particularly important due to the factions formed between the feministic perspectives, which include racial feminism, socialist feminism, Marxist feminism, cultural feminism and liberal feminism. Amongst the criticism of radical-libertarian is the hesitation regarding the consensual heterosexuality, as this view provides that such relations can be pleasurable for the women. There have been warnings of dangers of heterosexuality by radical-cultural feminists and they have stated that there can never be a concept of consensual heterosexuality. Thus, this view purports that in a patriarchal society, only lesbians can indulge in consensual sex. Such contrasting views within the feminism perspective open the doors for the same being criticised. The criticism in liberation feminism theory inclu des the claims of manipulating of statistics in order to support the presumption that the gender equality produces higher crime rates in women (Morash, 2017). Janet Saltzman Chafetz, after reviewing the feminist theory made an argument that the present topic amongst the feminist scholars was an intersection of gender, race and class. There has been a range of feminist scholars who stated that there was a need of examining the differences instead of equality. Even though some scholars have stated that this has shifted the focus, the other has stated that this has led to introduction of new conflicts in the feminist studies. There has also been placed an emphasis over the examination of intersection of gender, race and class. And this intersectional perspective has been a focus of women of colour who presented the view that feminism was basically focused upon the experience of middle class white females (Schram and Tibbetts, 2017). In this regard, Amanda Burgess-Proctor provided that there were conceptual factors which led to the difference between the multiracial feminism from the other perspectives. It has been claimed that gender relations did not take place in vacuum and instead men and women were characterized by sexuality, age, race, physical ability, class and other basis of inequality. Also, the focus of multiracial feminism was on the significance of recognizing the manner of intersection system of privilege and power, which interacts on social structural levels. The concept of relationality is the basis of multiracial feminism where the assumption is that people in a group are socially situation in relation to other groups based on their differences. The other factors include social structure and the womens agency in implementation of different approaches and the need of putting focus on the lived experiences of women. This is in addition to the blurred boundaries of criminalization and victimization which are based on false categorization of women as offenders or victims which fails in providing an enhanced understanding regarding the women who indulge in criminal activities (Schram and Tibbetts, 2017). Conclusion Thus, in the preceding parts, effort was made to provide a basic context of the feminist theories regarding crime. Feminism was born in the backdrop of womens movements back in late 1960s and early 1970s. It was born as a concept focused on brining equality of women when it came to the criminal justice system and highlighted the different instances where women are discriminated against in the criminal justice system. For this purpose, the focus is placed on women being deemed as feeble creatures who are not deemed as capable of heinous crimes. However, this perspective successfully highlighted how the same is untrue. The discussion not only highlighted this view, but also criticized the same, where the difference in the branches of this view often seem to clash with each other, making this view unrealistic, particularly when one sect states something and the other says the opposite. Even after all the criticism, the issues raised by feministic perspective cannot be denied and continu e to be true even at the present time. References Alder, C. (1995) International Feminist Perspectives in Criminology. New York: Open University Press. Belknap, J. (2014)The invisible woman: Gender, crime, and justice. Scarborough: Nelson Education. Bryson, V. (2016) Feminist political theory. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Connell, R. W. (2014)Gender and power: Society, the person and sexual politics. West Sussex: John Wiley Sons. Gelsthorpe, L. (2003) Feminist Perspectives on Gender and Crime: making women count. [Online] Centre for Crime and Justice Studies. Available from: https://www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/sites/crimeandjustice.org.uk/files/09627250308553561.pdf [Accessed on: 01/12/17] Gelsthorpe, L., andMorris, A. (1990) Feminist Perspectives in Criminology. New York: Open University Press. Kathleen, D. (2006) Feminist Thinking About Crime. In: Henry, S., and Lanier, M.M. (eds) The Essential Criminology Reader. Boulder, Colorado, United States: Westview Press. Kruttschnitt, C. (2013) Gender and crime.Annual Review of Sociology,39, 291-308. Miller, J. (2003) Feminist Criminology. In: Schwartz, M.D., and Hatty, S.E. (eds) Controversies in Critical Criminology. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Co, pp. 15-27 Morash, M. (2017) Feminist Theories of Crime. Oxon: Routledge. Pinnick, C., Noretta K., and Almeder, R. (2003) Scrutinizing Feminist Epistemology: An Examination of Gender in Science. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. Rosenfeld, B., and Penrod, S. D. (2011)Research methods in forensic psychology. West Sussex: John Wiley Sons. Schram, P.J., and Tibbetts, S.G. (2017) Introduction to Criminology: Why Do They Do It?. 2nd ed. London: Sage Publication Ltd. Simpson, S. S. (1989) Feminist theory, crime, and justice. Criminology, 27(4), 605-632. Smart, C. (1976) Women, Crime and Criminology: A Feminist Critique. London: Routledge Kegan Paul.

Protestant Reformation and economy

Introduction Social activist have been trying to determine the relationship between religion and economic growth especially during the medieval times in Europe and America. It has been argued that the emergence of Protestants from the Catholic Church had a positive effect in the economic growth. This is because Protestants had a capitalist ideology while the Catholics still held on to the socialist ideologies, which hindered economic growth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Protestant Reformation and economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More England and Netherlands for example attribute their economic growth during the 17th and 18th century to the change in their religion from the traditional Catholic beliefs. At the same time Spain and Italy saw a decline in their economy and political stability during the same period. Many scholars speculate that this fall might be due to the fact that these empires still held on to the traditional Catholic beliefs. Max Weber theory Many scholars have come up with theories which have tried to explain the relationship of Protestantism and economic growth during the medieval times. One of the strongest theories was put forward by Max Weber in his essay which was released in 1905 called Protestant Ethic (Cantoni 1). To this date historians, scientists and sociologists have never come to an agreement on the correct meaning of Weber’s ideas. However, during the early days, the essay was understood in its simplest terms where people believed that economic growth was tightly related to the changes in religion which were experienced during the sixteenth and seventieth century. With time, different people had different interpretation of the essay which brought about arguments as a result of difference in ideologies that people had. The sixteenth century is a period where Europe and America experienced a lot of economic changes. Much of these changes had alrea dy been experienced even before the period of reformation. However, it is during the reformation period that drastic changes occurred in the economy. That is why many scholars like Weber believe that the change in religion might have changed people’s ideologies, triggering economic growth. When people started to embrace the new religious ideologies they also developed the concept of capitalism, a key factor that led to economic growth over the years. This led to the development of trade on a credit system and the development of companies and trade unions. The western civilization was engaged in mass importation of sugar, silver and gold. There was also a massive increase in the Trans-Atlantic slave trade which involved large amounts of money that led to the development of the Atlantic coastal cities. This led to a shift in trade from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic as a result of the good market that the Atlantic region was offering. As a result some merchants became very r ich thus spread their businesses to new regions defying the rules which were set up by the state or the church most of which were governed by catholic beliefs. During these times many people enjoyed monopolies and thus imposed high lending rates to the loans which they offered to people.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In his essay Weber assumed that the western civilization was distinguished from other societies by its spirit of capitalism. This is because most of the people in these societies were Protestants and they embrace the worldly asceticism a reaction to the doctrine of predestination. He believed that greed and the love of making money were the key elements behind capitalism. Supporters of Weber’s Work Kemper Fullerton was one of the people who defended the works of Weber. He said that people have been having the element of greed all their lives but the con straints in the society suppressed this feeling. He believed that the elements of capitalism had been present in all societies but lacked the right of environment to sprout out. This is because the traditional religion and the early church were against the activities which would have led to the development of capitalism in the society. Weber also discovered that there was a difference between the lifestyles of the people who were Catholics and Protestants and that this difference could not have been just a matter of chance but it held some elements of truth behind it all. Therefore, Calvinism ethos resulted in the emergence of capitalism in the medieval societies. That is why Weber referred to Benjamin Franklin as the father of capitalism. Franklin most famous phrase was; time is money. People therefore needed to work hard all the time and make as much as they can because once time is gone it cannot be bought back. Therefore to capitalists, making money is more of a passion. As stat ed earlier, Weber believed that Protestantism had a direct influence to capitalism. In his thesis Weber looked at two villages in ancient Germany (during the sixteenth century). One village had Catholic believers while the other had protestants, mainly Lutherans. These two villages therefore offered extreme conditions for his studies. He managed to notice that Protestants earned more income as compared to the Catholics. He also noticed that the Protestants attended technical schools while Catholics attended liberal art schools. He therefore concluded that Calvinism was successful in instilling the notion that work and moneymaking was a vocation. This attitude thus could have been the avenue through which capitalism rose through into the modern society during the medieval times which later led to industrialization and economic growth in Europe and North America. As a matter of fact, many religious scholars also point out that Calvinism was a means through which bourgeois and urbaniza tion developed from which finally led to the growth of businesses, the economy and industrialization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Protestant Reformation and economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More People thus became rational and developed industrious spirits since they knew that hard work led to success at the end of the day. People therefore dedicated much of their time in commercial activities and accumulation of capital. Calvinists cities also approved imposition of interest rates on money borrowed especially for commercial purposes, a thing which the catholic cities had refused to approve. Interest earned from money earned made the lender to feel the value of his money and also gave them extra money to invest in other businesses. This made the economy of protestant cities to be much stronger compared to catholic cities. One should thus expect as a result of these theories that protestant cities had a st ronger economic growth as compared to catholic cities especially if the cities had a strong potential in commerce and trade. Other theories suggest that the rise in Protestantism changed people beliefs and ideologies. These changes had a positive impact in the development of the spirit of commerce in individuals. This is because these beliefs had a form of economic teachings to the people who believed in them. Some branches of Protestantism like the puritans and pietists might have led to the emergence of modern science. The protestant teachings also stressed on individual freedom and flexibility in life which might have made individuals to be open to modern ideas. If these theories are true then Protestantism might have played a huge role in economic development and industrial revolution during the medieval times. Other scholars suggest that trust is a major element in the development of strong economic ties and market exchange. In ancient civilization when cities were under the ca tholic rule there was lack of trust even among the leaders of the society. This is because the hierarchical leadership under Catholicism discouraged horizontal ties among people leading to lack of trust in these individuals. Hierarchical states thus performed in a somewhat poor manner in terms of political stability, economic development, civic participation, development of infrastructure and corporations. Further studies on the issue show that Protestants are not likely to lie on taxes, take a bribe but might easily trust a stranger unlike Catholics who do not easily trust strangers, teach their young ones thrift and do not deal well with competitions. This might be reasons why Protestant states grew stronger in terms of development as compared to Catholic states.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To expound further on the theory, it is believed that Protestants Cities taught their people how to read and write thus they were literate unlike the people living in catholic cities. They therefore could read and interpret the bible on their own which may have lead to the accumulation of human capital. This may have led to the development of the industrial economy by the Protestants especially during the nineteenth century. A classical example of this was in the Prussian communities who were mainly Lutherans and were taught how to read and write while they were in elementary schools. They thus became literate and acquired much wealth both in the cities and on the countryside which gave them a strong base of economic capital. Historians have gone on to analyze deeper the work of Weber and discovered that his work had a global and universal application. They say that he might have invented the term rationality as a key aspect to the development of modern capitalism. In his thesis, th e term rationality distinguished modern capitalism from other forms of development. According to these historians, rationalization in an individual can be measured as the degree which magical thoughts and beliefs are replaced. These thoughts and beliefs are strong in individuals who believe in ancient religion such as Islam, Catholicism and other ancient religions. This is because the orientation of religion contemplates on magical beliefs which hinder economic development. That is why dominant religions of the world during the medieval times did not have a strong economic base. The people who believed in the doctrine of predestination, the bible was seen as a sole authority which put an individual directly before God. This had the effect of displacing the magical beliefs which were the key elements of the ancient religion giving an individual the chance to get in touch with God directly and to make his own decision. This is the point at which individuals started to become rational in their thoughts and behavior. It came as a result of them being able to decide what they want and what they did not want. In the end capitalism emerged as the people had the thirst of making money and gathering capital. Calvinism thus led to the spirit of capitalism to develop in the people who believed in this new religion. Critics of Weber’s work However, not all historians and scholars were in line with Weber’s thoughts and beliefs of the development of capitalism. This is because Weber believed that capitalism developed as a result of the reformation that led to the development of Protestantism. Some scholars and historians argue otherwise since they believe that capitalism had long been experienced in the western civilization before the period of the reformation. It is just during this period that much of the development of capitalism was experienced and that is why Weber and other scholars think that capitalism may have been related to Protestantism. A theory w hich was advanced to critic the work of Weber was referred to as Leuthy Thesis (Wright 5). It was advanced by Herbert Leuthy, an Italian politician. This theory is in line with Weber’s thesis that the western civilization is characterized by the ideology of rationalism amongst individuals. However, it rejects the fact that capitalism and economic development during this period is related to Protestantism. According to Leuthy, the development of all sectors of the economy such as technology, economy, development of the mind and the liberation of man’s personality were related to the spirit of wealth accumulation which preceded the reformation in all parts of the western civilization. However, the other half of Europe did not experience these developments because of inquisition and trials based on heresy. In Calvinist Europe on the other hand, spiritual liberation was connected with the dropping of submission and fear, factors which led to the development of the modern c ulture that embraced capitalism. As a result, radical changes took place in the society. People started to apply and pursue scientific knowledge while the need of democracy in the society started to emerge. Meanwhile, a move to counter the reformation that was led by catholic scholars discouraged a free market which the forces of demand and supply determined the price of goods and services; a market which the Calvinist had established. These catholic scholars followed the beliefs of Aristotle which stated that an ideal market should be composed of natural goods which were mainly agricultural in nature. Businesses such as loaning money for interest and selling of goods for a profit were discouraged. The people who believed in the Roman Catholic religion were unable to adjust to the changes which had hit the market. They saw that this new culture was against the beliefs and practices of their religion. They therefore rejected to be involved in the market and economic activities leavin g those who were actively involved to wallow in sin. All these events had taken place even before the reformation and led to casuistry. According to Leuthy, Calvinism did not favor casuistry and led to its decline after the reformation started to be experienced. Protestantism only legitimatized capitalism which made people to have a true and natural economic spirit. It also clearly differentiated between private charity and acquired economic activities, things the Catholic Church was against. Due to the poor beliefs of the Catholic Church, many merchants and liberal Erasmian fled the religion and joined Protestantism bringing in their talents and skills. In their previous societies, merchants and Erasmians worked as subjects of the rulers, but in these new lands they actually earned money from their services leading to a rise in their living standards. Another scholar who differed with the works of Weber was Luther. He did not encourage avarice or greed. Avarice makes money to be de emed as the most necessary thing in life even though it cannot be eaten. It should be noted that Luther did not attack the development of trade and commerce. However, he was against their incorrect usage where one individual took advantage of the other in the name of trade. He also complained about usury especially in the advancement of loans where the lenders usually looked for loopholes to make the law to be in their favor. He believed that in the event of loan advancement, a security should be used. If a profit was earned in the process it should be shared between the two parties and losses should also be shared in the same manner. Impact of the Reformation on the Social and Economic Realm This whole argument can be summed up by looking at the impacts of the reformation on the social and economic realm. The works of Weber where the aspect of Calvinism was expounded on and the works of Luther both had a common feature of controlled begging as a means of discouraging poverty in the society. Through these concepts, lending of money started to follow certain stipulated laws and procedures which other economical sectors also started to follow. Drastically with time, capitalism emerged from these practices and beliefs in the society. This therefore led to the establishment of a rational society. Private and individual needs were abandoned and people started to focus on community issues and problems using a secular and rational approach to solve these issues. They people therefore recognized poverty as a bad thing and wealth to be a good thing in the society. That is why almost all communities in the world even at the present moment strive to eradicate poverty from their society and try to attain economic stability so that they can have a stable lifestyle. Conclusion The reformation had drastic impacts on the development of the economy. Although many contrasting theories have been advanced to explain the phenomena, they all have some common elements. During this p eriod people were rebelling against the Catholic Church and started protestant religions which gave the people the freedom to think and choose what is right. The ideologies of rationalism and capitalism developed in them. As a result, the economy of the states which believed in the protestant religion started to grow. This was a positive change in the lifestyle of man and his society. Thanks to the reformation people could now earn from their hard work. This made them appreciate their efforts. People could also engage in numerous economic activities which if carefully planned would earn them a good profit. The increase in income improved their living standards, gave them a chance to expand their businesses and also gave them the chance to come up with new ideas and innovations. In the end the general economy of these societies and of the entire world as a whole grew, revolution in the industrial and scientific world occurred leading to where the world is at the present moment. Works Cited Cantoni, Davide. The Economic Effects of the Protestant Reformation: Testing the  Weber Hypothesis in the German Lands. 2011. Retrieved from www.econ.upf.edu/docs/seminars/cantoni Wright, William. Economic Impact of the Reformation. Age of Reformation. (2003): 1-9. Retreived on 17 March 2011 from www.utc.edu/Faculty/Bill-Wright/ecoimp.pdf This essay on Protestant Reformation and economy was written and submitted by user L1ndsey to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Pond Ecosystem Report

Pond Ecosystem Report Free Online Research Papers The experimental pond ecosystem was polluted with oil to see what the effects would be. Every week our team added three drops of Pennzoil 5w/30 to our experimental pond ecosystem. We took a count of living organisms from our control and experimental groups at two different levels to see what effect the oil had on them. The results were dramatic on the upper level of our experimental pond ecosystem. Many if not most of the living organisms were destroyed, while the lower level was somewhat less impacted. The experimental pond ecosystem showed that pollution by oil is mainly limited to the upper portion of the ecosystem itself. The cause for this unusual circumstance is because of the hydrophobic property of the oil. Introduction: The ideas of pollution in our ponds and lakes are all to real in this day and age. Even in Alaska our streams and lakes are polluted to some degree. The Alaska Department of Natural Resources (2007) has reported that fecal coli-form bacteria, sediment, and petroleum products are the primary source of pollutants of the surface waters in Alaska. With man made natural disasters such as the oil spill of the Exxon Valdez in 1989, our environment has sustained major damage. This accident alone killed many animals and destroyed the natural ecosystem of the region. Greenpeace (2001) has reported that 250,000 to 500,000 sea animals died immediately, not to mention billions of salmon and herring eggs. The effects of the spill are still being felt with lower birth rates and stunted growth of nearly all of the animals impacted. The University of North Carolina (2002) has found that the effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill are lasting longer than expected. The team estimates that some shoreline habitats may take another thirty years to recover. Before we go any further we should learn a little about what a pond ecosystem is. According to Wikipedia (2006), a pond ecosystem is a specific type of fresh water ecosystem that is largely based on autotroph algae which provide the base trophic level for all life in the area. The largest predator in a pond ecosystem will normally be a fish and in between ranges smaller insects and microorganisms. It may have a scale of organisms from small bacteria to larger creatures. Aquatic ecosystems perform many important environmental functions. For example, they recycle nutrients, purify water, ease flooding, and provide habitats for wildlife. Mini Pond (2004) reports that a pond ecosystem degrades when the ecosystem’s ability to absorb stress has been exceeded. A stress on these ecosystems can be the result of physical, chemical, or biological alterations to the environment. Usually in the pond ecosystem there are two types of organisms. The first is called Autotrophic. These organisms are the producers that generate organic compounds from inorganic material. Algae use solar energy to generate biomass from carbon dioxide and are the most important autotrophic organisms in an aquatic environment. The second type of organism is referred to as Heterotrophic. These are the organisms that consume autotrophic organisms and use the organic compounds in their bodies as an energy source. Our group thought it would be interesting as well as educational to see first hand what the effects of motor oil in a pond ecosystem would have. We believe that the motor oil will have a detrimental effect on the pond ecosystem. We also believe that the upper levels consisting of the algae and Cyan bacteria will be most affected since they are near the top and oil has hydrophobic relationship with water. We do not believe that the organisms in the lower portions of the ecosystem will be impacted as much because the oil will have a harder time reaching them. We also believe that given enough time that the ecosystem as a whole will die due to the lack of algae. Materials and Methods: The material we used in this experiment consists of living organisms and their food stuff. First, I will list the organisms, followed by the amount of food. We used half a pipette for the living organisms and the five milliliter rule for the food. They are as follows. Gloetrichia, Oscillatoria, Anabaena, Chilonas, Paramecium Caudatum, Stentor, and a few drops of Amoeba. The addition of food is as follows; 5g Mgso4 solution, 15g KH2PO4 solution, 10g K2HPO4 solution, 2.5g NaCI solution, 2.5g NaNO3 solution and 2.5g CaCI solution. These materials were added to two separate two liter glass containers filled with purified water and a measured scoop of dirt and gravel respectively. We then labeled each of the two glass jars, one control and the other experiment. During the four week period we introduced Pennzoil 5w/30 to our experimental group once a week using three drops from a dropper. We were careful not to disturb the water as we put the oil in because we did not want the oil to mix, but instead stay on top of the ecosystem. After our first week, we started collecting data from our pond ecosystem. We did this by taking samples with a dropper from the upper and lower regions of the control and the experimental groups. We made wet mount slides of each region and looked at them with the microscopes provided by the laboratory. The process we did for counting the organisms was a simple yet affective approach. We used the field of view approach that is noted in our Introductory Biology Lab book (2007). The book states that you have one field of view per slide. Within this field of view there are five points of interest; top left, top right, middle, bottom left, and bottom right. With the microscope set at 45X, we went to each of the points of interest and did a count of all living organisms. We did this weekly for the control group as well as the experimental group. Results: The results of our pond ecosystem experiment did produce some unusual findings. This may be the direct result of contamination that happened during the first week or to other factors that are unknown. The first graph reveals the results of counting the top layer of the control group. As you can see the Chilomonas were very productive after one week of being in the ecosystem. Likewise, the Amoeba’s were proficient in the second week. By the end of the fourth week all organisms excluding the Oscillatoria had declined. The next slide shows the four week results of the bottom level of the control group. All of the organisms in this group seemed to enjoy a steady increase of offspring. The counts during the fourth week indicate that the Paramecium’s were having a population explosion. The next sets of graphs are from the experimental group. If you remember our experimental ecosystem had 3 drops of oil introduced each week after the first week. As you can see the Oscillatoria and Chilomonas seem to have had a strong growth in population, but by week three everything seemed to be dead or greatly reduced. The last graph shows the bottom count for the experimental ecosystem. As you can see, there was dramatic growth in the second week by the Chilomonas as well as the Oscillatoria. This may be due in fact to an incident of contamination that we will discuss later. By the third week, everything seems to have returned to normal except for the rapid growth of the Stentor group. Discussion: Now that the experiment is over I would like to discuss some of the findings our group came up with. By looking at the graph for the experimental upper level versus the control upper level, one can clearly see that the oil had a negative effect on all of the living organisms in this region. Likewise, the experimental bottom level compared to the control bottom level shows a somewhat lesser amount of organisms. This could be caused by two factors, either the oil was penetrating to the lower level or the organisms were running out of food to consume due to the pollution of the oil on the surface of the ecosystem. Either way, it is clear that oil in the pond ecosystem has an overall effect of pollution causing death. One factor that may explain the substantial rise of organisms in our experimental ecosystem during the second week, was the inadvertent addition of Tetra Fauna Reptoman fish food on October 12, 2007 by a participant in another study. The contents of the fish food are as follows: 42.5% crude protein, 8.5% crude fat, 2% fiber, 8% moisture, 1.8% phosphorus, 25mg calcium and 100mg ascorbic acid. One can tell by comparing the charts from the control and experimental groups that the fish food had a rather dramatic effect on some of the organisms causing a population burst of sorts. In the end, the growth spurt was short lived and the oil had an even more profound effect on the experimental ecosystem. After some debate by my colleagues and me we came to the conclusion that our experimental design should have included the mixing of the oil with the water in the experimental ecosystem. We feel that this would be more representative of what would happen in the natural world. I believe this experiment, even with the introduction of the fish food, was a success. The data clearly shows that the introduction of the motor oil had a detrimental effect on the microorganisms that lived in our experimental group, more so on the upper level than the lower level. I would have to conclude that our original hypothesis was correct. : Alaska Department of natural Resources, division of mining, land and water. (2007). Retrieved on 10/05/2007, from http://dnr.state.ak.us. Greenpeace, The Exxon Valdez oil spill fifteen years later. (2004) Retrieved on 10/22/2007, from greenpeace.org. Mini-Ponds. To investigate diversity in a pond water ecosystem. (2004). Retrieved on 10/15/2007, from science-class.net. University of Anchorage Alaska, (2007). Introductory Biology lab book, wet mount micro-slide. Pg. PE4. Wikipedia. (2004) Aquatic Organisms. Retrieved on 11/25/2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem. Research Papers on Pond Ecosystem ReportGenetic EngineeringBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Spring and AutumnDefinition of Export QuotasResearch Process Part OnePETSTEL analysis of IndiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Infant observation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Infant observation - Essay Example As I watched the child, after he had taken the yogurt, I could observe that he was able to wave at me and this is a sign of trust as explained by Erik Erikson in the first stage of development where there is either trust or mistrust. Trust occurs when the child is able to have faith in people around him and relate with well without fear that they could be harmful to him, while mistrust occurs when the child is unable to relate with people around him feeling that they have ill will on him. In addition, under Maslow hierarchy of needs where one seeks security and love after his basic needs such as food, clothes and shelter have been satisfied, i was able to observe that he only waved at me after taking yogurt, a sign to show hat he was satisfied with food and now needed love and protection. In this case, yogurt served as food. He moved his head up and down when music played as a way of dancing; this could be as result of classical conditioning in the theory of behaviorism. Classical co nditioning in behaviorism occurs when one is able to associate certain object or incidents that frequently happen with something familiar to ones immediate environment. This child learnt to associate music with dancing. He grabbed his friends’ hair and pulled it, stood by himself and walked across the room by holding the cribs. Additionally, he was able to make the ball roll round, shake the rattle, stretch out in the floor, and act like as if he was talking on the phone. The child is able to do this during infant development stage according to cognitive theory (Douglas 35). In his sensory development, I could observe that he was able to touch his friend’s hair and pull it, see me, and wave towards my direction when we first met. According to attachment theory, the child at infant stage is able to relate well with people close to him especially his caregiver. Therefore, from the above observation, it appears that he is already attached to his

Personal Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Financial Management - Essay Example Retirement plan is nothing but a plan which replaces our employment income after we retire. In terms of tax, retirement plan is defined by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) code in US. Dream of leading a secured and comfortable retired life can come true only with proper retirement planning. A plan to transfer ones estate after death is known as estate planning. Estate includes all the personal properties like cash, land, houses, jewelry, investment accounts, etc. Estate planning is done to ensure and fulfill certain objectives like transferring most of the estate to ones beneficiaries, least payment of taxes for the estate, etc. Estate planning is a continuous process and should start immediately when a person has a measurable base of assets (Gitman, Joehnk & Billingsley, 2010, p.18). Estate plans should be in accordance with ones goals and objectives in life. Loved ones can face undue financial burden due to inadequate estate planning. Four Aspects of Retirement Planning Retiremen t planning can be thought of as a framework which includes four main aspects (Prudential Financial, n.d). They are: i. Social Security: Social Security is an insurance program that provides several benefits to individuals like, retirement benefits, disability benefits, etc. ii. Employment based plans: These are retirement plans provided by employers to the employees. It includes defined contribution and benefit pension plans. iii. Personal Savings: The returns on investments made by individuals that can add up to the Social Security Benefits or Employment based plans. It includes options like IRAs, Bank Deposits, Mutual Funds, Annuities, etc. iv. Retirement Choices: For retirement security, lifestyle and financial choices play a significant role. Lifestyle choices include choice of retirement age, place of retirement, etc. Financial choices include allocation of assets in retirement, conversion of assets to income and then protecting that income. The Retirement Planning Process and Personal Retirement Plan The retirement planning process constitutes several steps. These steps are discussed one by one and how it relates with my personal retirement planning is also discussed below. The first step in a retirement planning process includes setting own personal goals and objectives in life. Next these objectives have to be arranged in descending order of priority. Also these objectives should have the time horizon included in it. These objectives can be revised and changed in due course of time. Now this step can be related to my case in the following way: My personal objectives in life arranged in decreasing order of priority with time horizon mentioned along with it are: 1. Maintain the standard of living on retirement at the age of 50 after 20 years. 2. Buying an expensive motor car within 2 years. 3. Buying a home within 5 years. 4. To make a mortgage investment within 10 years. 5. Paying off all the mortgage bonds within 20 years. The second step is about calc ulating and determining the money required for fulfilling each of the objectives. All the household incomes and expenditures are to be calculated and the difference is also to be calculated. Present value of money should be considered while doing the calculations and the annual inflation rate should also be taken into account. This can be applied in my personal retir

Research topic related to intelligence collection Paper

Topic related to intelligence collection - Research Paper Example Proper intelligence is an inevitable component of the defense system of all governments in the world to evaluate the threat by external as well as internal elements and to protect their countries from exposure to attacks by terrorists. In this context, the development of technology is a crucial factor for enabling nations to monitor and exercise surveillance over the activities of various organizations that sponsor and promote terrorism and other subversive activities. Intelligence collection is a process of â€Å"collection, processing, integration, evaluation, analysis and interpretation of available information concerning foreign nations, hostile or potentially hostile forces or elements or areas of actual or potential operations† (Forcese 2011, 181). For obtaining such intelligence and to ensure the safety of their citizens, countries deploy modern technology. The effective collection of intelligence by the US government through Unmanned Aircraft System has enabled the cou ntry to attain a high level of operational success in the global war on terror. Human history, right from its initial stage has evidenced the use of human intelligence for the purpose of obtaining the movements of their enemies for preparing for offensive tactics in wars. Similarly, in order to fight terrorism, countries also need to collect intelligence on various terrorist organizations and evaluate their strategies for offensives to properly counter the problem of terrorism. In his message to war fighters, Joseph Reynes Jr., Major General USAF, states that proper surveillance can facilitate the â€Å"prediction of an adversary’s behavior and the formulation and execution of preemptive activities to deter or forestall† offensive attempts by such adversaries (Commander’s Handbook for Persistent Surveillance 2011). This handbook has been developed with an intention to provide an overview of the present systems of surveillance as well as discusses future needs for

The Influence Of Thomas Reid In Philosophy And Psychology Philosophy Essay

The Influence Of Thomas Reid In Philosophy And Psychology Philosophy Essay This paper discusses how Thomas Reid was influential in psychology and philosophy. It talks about his works and his common sense philosophy. It discusses direct realism and his philosophical outlook on the theory of knowledge. Reid is also compared with David Hume and his ideas of skepticism. John Locke and Berkeley are also mentioned as influencing Reids philosophy. He rejects Humes arguments and publishes his own book about his own theories based on contradictions to Hume. He also gave lectures at different Universities that he worked at. Some of these lectures appear in his essays that he produces in his retirement. His common sense works show that we can perceive the world accurately through our senses and experiences with people are similar. And his essays talk about the reasoning and ideas that are not metaphysical in the world, but are real. Thomas Reid was a Scottish philosopher during the 18th century whose most famous contributions to the philosophy of intellect are his common sense works, his rational thinking, and his criticisms of fellow British empiricists, particularly Hume. He defended the existence of reasoning powers and influenced many others, including American thinkers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and faculty psychology. Thomas Reid was born on April 26, 1710. His father, Lewis Reid, was a reverend for 58 years, and his mother, Margaret Gregory, lived a shorter life and died when Thomas was 22 in 1732. He came from a long line of intellectuals on both sides of the family that attended college. Reid had an older bother, David, who was five years apart and two younger sisters Isobel and Jane. He grew up in a rural area in a valley in Strachan just outside of Aberdeen on the north-east side of Scotland. This area also was the hometown of Immanuel Kant, who was another local philosophy celebrity during this time period and had a few parallels with Reid (britannica, 2011). Reid started attended a small country school when he was ten years old, then transferred to Aberdeen Grammar School, a higher and more prestigious school, until 1722. He then left to go to Marischal College at age twelve which was a norm in the area and time period. Reids granduncle, James Gregory, graduated college at the age Thomas started (Fraser, 1898). George Turnbull was Reids college philosophy professor for three years, and his influence had a large impact on Reid. Turnbull used much of Berkeleys philosophy in his teachings; this included his version of common sense: Common sense is sufficient to teach those who think of the matter with seriousness and attention all the duties of common life; all our obligations to God and our fellow-men; all that is morally fit and binding (Fraser, 1898). This meant that the spiritual facts of the mind cannot be ignored because of facts seen in the visible world, and what we call matter are only sensible ideas that come from us personally. These teachings influenced indirectly by Berkeley played an important role in Reids life. Thomas Reid studied theology from late 1726 to 1731 as per a requirement for the Church. This is one of the parallels with Kant and Reid; they are both theologically trained. After his completion of theology, Reid found a job as a librarian back at Marischal College in 1733, after his mothers death. Another Kant parallel was that he was a librarian after finishing college, but Kant got  £10 yearly while Reid only got  £9. While a librarian, Reids undergraduate friend and then current Professor of Mathematics at Marischal, Stewart, asked Reid to go him with on a tour of England in 1736. Other than this one particular instance, Reid, like Kant, did not travel far from his home for the rest of his life (Fraser, 1898). After his job as a librarian, Reid was presented the position of pastoral charge of New Machar, a town near Aberdeen, upon his return home. This position was administrator of the church. There was a problem because of rural prejudice, which was influenced by a sermon in early 1737 by Rev. Bisset, which made Reid a victim to attacks and mistreatment when got ordained later that year. Because of this sermon Reid was attacked because he was rural and not from a big city. Those who fought against him would come to change their opinions after his fifteen years there, to where they would have fought for him when he went away (Fraser, 1898) . Thomas got married in 1740, to his cousin Elizabeth, who was his Uncle Dr. George Reids daughter. With her he had six daughters and three sons, and one of the five daughters born in New Machar, died at not even a year old. His wife, in 1746, became critically ill and Reids religious side came out in some of his manuscripts, showing his devotion to god and his wife in his writings. His wife lived through her sickness but Reid eventually outlived everyone except one daughter, including his children. When Thomas Reid was thirty-eight, a paper of his appeared in print called An Essay on Quantity. His 1748 paper revealed the attraction to mathematics that Reid had, using mathematical reasoning with ratios to explain moral philosophy. He argued that genuine ethical inquiry is concerned with a class of facts which are under a higher category, and refuse to submit to geometrical measurement (Fraser, 1898). This recognition of other scientific methods other than mathematics shows a change in thought for this time. Reids most known work in philosophy, however, would come from an almost unnoticed book from London in 1739 by David Hume, who was exactly one year younger than Reid coincidentally. The Treatise of Human Nature by Hume would eventually make headlines in shaping European thought and would give Reid an argument. Hume reasoned that there should be a new system of sciences to prove that there is neither human nature nor science in the world, and that nothing can be true if you cannot logically reason from our senses. He believed that our impressions of our senses was exactly that, impressions which tended to be temporary and perceived differently from person to person, and therefore there cannot be truth since impressions are not universal. He also went on to say that what we call existence is only felt impressions, that time is an illusion, and that the word identity is nothing since a person is nothing more than an idea at the moment. To sum it all up, only current feelings exist in the universe. Reid took this as almost an insult. These ideas degraded our speech and communication to only abstract adjectives, because nouns and verbs dont truly exist. Because of this conclusion, we cannot communicate what doesnt exist because you cant communicate only through adjectives. It was a philosophical suicide that gave us an unknown universe we couldnt trust, because the skeptics at this time were saying that nothing exists, like David Hume. Reid began his own theory from these insults, starting with our senses and focusing on mathematical theory. The foundations of mathematical abstracts are in mathematical axioms, and so the foundations of all concrete reasoning are to be found in the rational constitution of perception through the five senses (Fraser, 1898). Forty years after that, Reid even went on to say that it was Hume that made him realize the faults of the Berkeley system that came from Descartes philosophy. He stated that what George Turnbull taught, gave me [Reid] more unea siness than the want of a material world, and to question its foundation (Reid, 1785). Hume gave Reid an argument and showed him that he should create his own theory. Thomas Reid left New Machar in late 1751, where he became a regent master at Kings College in Aberdeen till 1764. There he gave lectures, and the three-year regent course was still imposed for philosophy. He gave lectures in natural history and physical science one year, mathematics and natural philosophy in another, and finally philosophy of the mind in the third year, where the same students were still under his teachings. So, he had three three-year classes which he taught: 1753-56, 1756-59, 1759-62, plus the first two years when he started. Under some examination of Reids lectures in the Natural Philosophy classes, it was shown that he was very much knowledgeable in physical sciences incorporating laws of motion, astronomy and electricity. Reid also brought changes and reform to the university. Teaching sessions were extended by two months, there was much better organization in Latin classes, and material sciences had to be a prerequisite to psychology and ethics, which was consistent with a mind naturally observing then reflecting upon its observations. He also created the Wise Club at Kings College, which was a small society for philosophical inquiry with his old friend Gregory. This club also influenced later Scottish philosophic literature. The meetings consisted of reading of personal short essays, as well as a question proposed before each meeting for discussion. It was mostly the skeptical theology that Hume talked about that gave the society discussion questions, and Reid went as far as writing If you write no more in morals, politics, and metaphysics, I am afraid we shall be at a loss for subjects in a letter to David Hume (Craig, 1998). Since the start of the Wise Club in 1758 continuing to his last work of the society in 1762, Reid put in many works that would be later seen in his publications two years afterwards. A lot of the work itself dealt with our senses and perception, and he even received an honorary Doctorate of Divinity from Marichal College in early 1762. By the end 1763, he produced his first book An Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense, which was the result of his twenty years in New Machar and Aberdeen. The Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense was an argument against David Hume that allowed Thomas Reid to attain a very important role in the development of philosophy. In his book, he makes an important point about Humes Treatise of Human Nature. Reid argued that if we as humans have no evidence that things exist, then we could never encounter an external object directly, and what we perceive is in our own minds. How can one be sure of the outside realities that differ from ones own sensations? Reid also said, If I allow that my own sensations and ideas are my only possible original data, I cannot from such transitory phantoms infer the real existence of other persons. (Reid, 1764) This is also when Reid encountered Berkeleys theory a dead end for proving other intelligent beings existence. Reid was also later criticized by John Stuart Mill, specifically in his common sense book. Mill said that any appeal to intuition or self-evidence was a cover way of promot ing self-interest (von Dehsen, 1999). He argued further that if only sensations and ideas of the self cannot be broken through, then the self is an illusion and the word self means nothing. The universe is, not sensations that are all personal, but is put into isolated sensations which can be similarly experienced by others, but not the exact same sensations. Reid also found it unreasonable that we do not actually perceive external things and only certain images of them are imprinted in the mind called ideas and impressions. He thought this could only throw out all philosophy, religion, and common sense. These ideas are substitutions of the common reasonable sense, which neither requires nor admits of logical proof. Reid believed there two degrees of reason. The first degree of reason is the five senses to judge of things self-evident (Reid, 1764). The second degree is reasoning, which is able to make conclusions of non-self-evident reasoning from the first degree. Also, truth in judgments of common sense cannot be seen, they are only justified by reasoning and how human nature responds to them. For example, we have the common sense that fire is hot because other people perceive it as hot and it comes through our senses. This is part of nature in human understanding, and is inspiration of God. Reasoning is used to control everything from emotions to appetite, and allows us to live and serve under God. God has excellently fitted our conscience, reason, natural instincts and bodily appetites to the benefit of the species (Yaffe Nichols, 2009). He continued to say that this is what makes up the discoveries in our reasoning of the world and called this the common sense of mankind, and even started the School of Common Sense. When one ignores these innate senses though, another may find them as being crazy. Reid also explained what if Hume found is right, and to not trust our senses: I break my nose against a post that comes in my way, I step into a dirty kennel; and after twenty such wise and rational actions I am taken up and clapped into a madhouse (Reid, 1764). Though people may not know if the senses are correct, everyone assumes they are because they are commonly known and perceived. Our common sense, to Reid, is conscious and varies between persons, time periods, and locations. Reid listed six axioms that came from sensus communis, which was the term he used for common sense. The first is that the thoughts of which I am conscious are thoughts of a being which I call myself, my mind, my person. The second is that those things did really happen that I distinctly remember. The third is that we have some degree of power over our actions, and the determination of our will. the forth is that there is life and intelligence in our fellow men with whom we converse. the fifth is that there is a certain regard due to human testimony in matters of fact, and even to human authority in matters of opinion. and the sixth is that, in the phenomena of nature, what is to be, will probably be like what has been in similar circumstances (Reid, 1785). He concluded in his common sense philosophy four basic principles of knowledge. The first principle was that certain undemonstrable fundamental truths [are] immediately conclusive and absolute and that there are certain truths that are common among people. The second principle was that these truths cannot be subjected to criticism or support from science. The third principle was that philosophy itself comes from self-enlightening truth and anything that contradicts your truth is incorrect. The fourth truth was that our morality is what we use as guidelines in our life to perform our duties in society and we act with what goes with common sense and what we think is right (Reid, 1764). Thomas Reid, before the book was published, wanted David Hume to read some of it. Hume responded with a compliment saying it was deeply philosophical yet written with spirit, and that no one else is able to explain themselves with greater clarity. However he kindly disagreed with the abstract that was sent. Reid wrote back saying that he was only attempting to shine a little light on the subject, But whether I have any success in this attempt or not, I shall always avow myself your disciple in metaphysics (Reid, 1872). He also concluded that he learned more from Hume than everybody else known put together in the subject. Shortly following his book, Reid was offered to be the Chair of Moral Philosophy at the University of Glasgow when Adam Smith resigned in 1764. During his time of teaching in Glasgow College, the lectures that he provided would be the precursor of his published Essays of his old age. When 1772 came about, Reid had hardship in his personal life, when two of his older daughters died. When Reid was seventy, he discovered after sixteen years teaching at Glasgow, he found himself growing old. In a letter he wrote to his friend Lord Kames he reported this and turned over the class to his assistant Archibald Arthur so he could continue his philosophical authorship in retirement. After his retirement in 1780, he again found tough times the same year. His eldest son died, and only two years go by only to be heartbroken once again by the death of his last son, which left only one daughter in his family. Reids final works were his Essays, which come in two parts, and were based off his lectures at Glasgow. The first installment was an inquiry of mans intellectual power, while the second came a few years afterward explaining the facts of moral power and the invisible ideas in mans consciousness. In the Essays an advance is made towards a finally ethical interpretation of man and the universe. The Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man was the first Essay to come out, in 1785. It explained our perception through the senses and memory, imagination, and sciences dealing with time frames. It also contained some rebuttal to the abstract reasoning criticism of common sense. He presents direct realism which is the view that our minds are directly connected to the world, and that we experience objects immediately as objects because of our power of perception. This was the opposite thinking of consciousness being formed by adding sensations to our ideas. Reid started with an important part of all this: Human knowledge may be reduced to two general heads, according as it relates to body or to mind; to things material, or to things intellectual (Reid, 1785). Otherwise, we know that there are two worlds, mind and matter. In his essay Reid continued with, The Supreme Being intended, that we should have such knowledge of the material objects that surrounds us, as is necessary in order to our supplying the wants of nature, and avoiding the dangers to which we are constantly exposed; and he has admirably fitted our powers of perception to this purpose. [If] the intelligence we have of external objects were to be got by reasoning only, the greatest part of men would be destitute of it; for the greatest part of men hardly ever learn to reason; and in infancy and childhood no man can reason. Also, he said that God conveys this intelligence of objects in a way we can understand and use the information. The information of the senses is as perfect, and gives as full conviction to the most ignorant, as to the most learned (Reid 1785). This showed that Reid believed that reason could not be the prerequisite to perception and that god gave us the innate ability of perception through the senses to draw conclusions of the universe. Three years after the first set of Essays, he put out the remaining works in 1788, titled Essays on the Active Powers of Man. This concluded the ideas that are not of the physical world including ethics. A man can act from motives that are higher than any that move the lower animals. He sees one course of action as having dignity and value, and another as being base and low; and lower animals cant make such distinctions. Reid explains our higher sensibility as humans and our moral values as a society are means to set us apart from animals. The Essay continues to show that our power, though we cant perceive or be aware of it, is our minds reason. This is where Lockes theory, that we gather ideas our ideas through the senses and/or consciousness, con ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡icts with the fact that we have a conception or idea of power (Reid 1785). Another point he postulated was that for some things, we have a direct conception, while for others, we only have a relative conception. This can be possibly thought of as we have a direct conception of the third dimension since we live and experience it, but only a relative conception of the fourth. Reids hatred for Atheists and their reasoning in depriving man of all active power is also shown in this work, They join hands with theologians in depreciating human understanding, so that they can lead us into absolute scepticism (Reid, 1785). He also concludes that there cant be an exclusion of our senses, memory, and rational faculties in any further theoretical opinion. Reid discusses his early version of mental faculties as active powers of the mind that influenced ones thoughts and behavior. Also, faculties are innate and work together as one unifying mind, some of which included were attention, judgment, perception, and reason. There were 43 total faculties (Hergenhahn, 2009). Though this was not the actual school of thought that phrenologists believed later, it did however help influence faculty psychology. Thomas Reid died when he was eighty-six, on October 7, 1796 in Glasgow. His most notable ideas for his recognition in the Scottish Enlightenment were direct realism and common sense. His works in metaphysics, epistemology or theory of knowledge, mind, and ethics, would come from the influences of David Hume, Cicero, Locke, and Berkeley. His Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense would bring upon the Scottish School of Common Sense, and his works collectively would later influence those such as Victor Cousin, Alvin Plantinga, and C.S. Peirce. I think he was quite important in the development of psychology. I think personally that rationalism is much more sane and reasonable than what Hume and the empiricists were saying that we cant trust our senses. However, I think its important sometimes to take a step back to take two steps forward and play devils advocate as what the skeptics were saying, otherwise we may not have seen Reid. He talks about the important issue of our senses being accurate and reasonable to trust even if they are slightly wrong. I also liked his essays more in his common sense work just because it explained our reasoning abilities and our ethics, which no one really talked about in that much depth. If we were to believe Hume we could basically say that we are living in a matrix since the only thing real is feelings and ideas in the mind. This is why Reid is important because he explains how objects are actually real and how we communicate about them. He helped influence faculty psychology and phrenolog y which opened up the door for specific areas of the brain such as reasoning, consciousness, and attention.

Religion and the Energy Crisis Essay -- Natural Resources Essays Paper

Religion and the Energy Crisis When faced with the daunting specter of world energy issues and environmental crisis, it is natural to focus on finding solutions to our problems of sustainability and pollution. Before jumping into a frenzied search for solutions, however, it is necessary to take a hard look at precisely why we care to solve this problem in the first place. This is a much broader question, rooted in culture, philosophy, ethics, and religion. How we as a species deal with our spirituality has a great impact on our obligations to each other, to the world we live in, and to future generations. Looking at the potential harmfulness of the energy crisis, it is remarkable that more people are not concerned about changing lifestyles and conserving resources. Our high rate of growth and energy production are causing widespread climate change, poisoning our air and resulting in the extinction of species. Humanity cannot continue to consume energy at the present rate given the limited supply of fossil fuels and the consequences of pollution, yet there seems to be a problem in cultivating widespread public concern for these issues. Even if the average American does not know the specifics of the matter, most everyone is aware of global warming, dying species, and the fossil fuel problem, so the lack of motivation does not stem from ignorance. There is some other factor contributing to the motivation problem, one that goes much deeper into human nature. The basic problem faced in cultivating concern about the environment is one of selfishness. In our modern secular society people are encouraged to be self serving, seeking individual success. They are valued for what they are able to accomplish for themselves, with t... ...n. Islamic Teachings in Brief. Ed. Sayyid Khadim Jusayn Naquavi. Tans. Muzhgan Jalali. Iran: Ansariyan Publications, 1990. Tucker, Mary Evelyn. "Confucian Cosmology and Ecological Ethics: qi, li, and the Role of the Human." Ethics in the world religions. The Library of Global Ethics and Religion Vol. 3. Eds. Joseph Runzo and Nancy M. Martin. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2001. 331-345. Ward, Keith. "Religion and the Possibility of a Global Ethics." Ethics in the world religions. The Library of Global Ethics and Religion Vol. 3. Eds. Joseph Runzo and Nancy M. Martin. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2001. 39-62. Wright, Dale S. "Practices of Perfection: The Ethical Aim of Mahayana Buddhism." Ethics in the world religions. The Library of Global Ethics and Religion Vol. 3. Eds. Joseph Runzo and Nancy M. Martin. Oxford: Oneworld Publicatiosn, 2001. 219-233.

How to Reduce Stress

1. In today's smaller Air Force, members are finding themselves doing more with less. This in-turn has caused numerous stressful situations on and off duty. It is incumbent for Air Force members to recognize, treat, and eliminate stress whenever practical to increase morale and mission accomplishment. This paper will cover the emotional, behavioral, and physical signs of stress as well as importance of job stress management in treating and/or eliminating stress. 2. Before we can begin to reduce stress, we must be able to recognize indicators that lead to or help identify stress. Air Force psychologist Capt. Neil S. Hibler has developed a list of early warning signs (2:19). For our purposes we will discuss only a couple from each category. First, from the emotional category, is apathy. Apathy is the doldrums. Things you normally enjoy are no longer pleasurable. Along with apathy is mental fatigue. Being unable to concentrate or staying focus are only a couple of examples of mental fatigue. Emotional signs are very important to recognize, because if they are not noticed early on and addressed, behavioral or even physical problems can surface. The behavioral category signs include: being late to work, poor appearance, and being accident prone are just a few examples of administrative problems. Legal problems are even more evident, such as, traffic tickets, indebtedness, and inability to control violent impulses. As you can see, these signs of stress become more serious the longer TSgt Adams/H-Flt/0805/pfa/19 Jul 97 they go untreated or reduced. Finally, is the physical category; possibly the most serious of all. Stress not only effects the psyche of an individual, but the physical side of ones' being can also be altered. Ailments such as: headaches, insomnia, nausea, changes in appetite, and sexual problems can persist during times of stress. The individual may seek relief from stress by self-medicating and develop a dependence on chemicals that are harmful to the body. These signs are just a few of the more recognizable. Other signs can be very subtle and even more dangerous to the individual and others. This is why it is paramount to detect stress early and if possible treat, reduce, or eliminate before damage is done. 3. Once signs of stress are identified, it is time to tackle them with a few job stress management techniques outlined in â€Å"The Relaxation & Stress Reduction Handbook† (2:211). A 1985 study conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics found that more than 50% of workers surveyed experienced moderate to heavy stress on the job. To effectively combat work-related stress, you first need to identify symptoms and sources of job related stress. This can be accomplished by taking and scoring the survey in the handbook. Next, you need to keep a log on how you respond to your specific job stressors. Label four columns: stressor, feelings, thoughts, and behavior. After you have completed these task, setting goals and motivation is next. Set goals to respond more effectively to your job stressors. Develop a plan to react to stress you can anticipate or even avoid altogether. The idea here is to gain more control of your work environment. Rewards are a very important part of motivation. Create a specific reward for every goal you establish and make sure to give yourself the time to enjoy your reward. The next area to consider is more difficult for most of us. Dealing with your boss, negotiating with co- workers, and changing your thinking can be used to your advantage to help reduce stress. Don't side step these ideas, use them! The last two strategies to consider in job stress management are; pace and balance yourself, and know when to quit. Pace at your own tempo. Don't burn yourself out. This is one of the leading causes of stress at work. To effectively integrate job stress management into your daily lifestyle could take months, in just a day you can identify your job stressors and your responses to them. Getting started is the key! 4. We have discussed identifying stress by looking for: emotional, behavioral, and physical signs of stress. Then, more importantly, we discussed ways to: treat, reduce, or eliminate stress by applying techniques used in job stress management. Job stress accounts for billions of dollars lost annually in productivity, wages, and medical bills. Americans now know that job stress management makes personal and financial sense.