Racism Racism And Racism - 1576 Words

Racism in Ralph’s Ellison Battle Royal Racism is known to be among the factors having huge negative impacts on the society at large. Racism brings about thoughts of ignorance, hatred, and evil. From this fact, it is clear that racism is an aspect which should be taken into close consideration and dealt with. Ralph Ellison in his Battle Royal, provides information on racism and how it affects the society. He uses this life experience to make readers view and understand how devastating racism is. Ellison’s story on a young black boy’s life experience is used to show that racism is wrong and should be done eliminated for the purpose of making the society a better place to be. This paper seeks to provide a deeper insight of racism in Ralph’s†¦show more content†¦A negative aspect of life that holds on from generation to generation is not a good sign. The narrator points out that his grandparents were slaves. This statement only means that the administration has not done enough in fighting racism. More has to be done and new approaches should be implemented if positive changes are to take place. It is quite a challenge for people who face racism every day to look forward to the future (McCallo 286). An individual who has to deal with evil and hatred does not feel safe in the society. Not only did his grandparents deal with racism, but also his parents. â€Å"Live with your head in the lion s mouth. I want you to overcome them with yeses, undermine them with grins, agree on them to death and destruction, let them swoller you till they vomit or bust wide open.† These expressions were said to the black boy’s father by the grandfather. With this statement, it is a clear that it was not easy to fight racism. They were discriminated against, and for them to go on with life, they had to fight back with all their strength. It was not an easy task, but it had to be undertaken. The young black boy does not understand why he is praised for behaving in a way his grandfather defines as treachery. He is forced to behave the same but at the same time, is guilty. He feels like his behavior is against the wishes of the white people. He is at this point confused because he would not understand whyShow MoreRelatedRacism : Racism And Racism1544 Words   |  7 PagesTo understand whether or not racism is learnt, we first have to divulge into the nature of racism. It is usually assumed that racism has been a part of civilisation since civilisation started, that it is embedded into how people work and that no matter what, it will always exist. Another assumption is that racism derives from the capitalism of the slave trade by white elitist men seeking to dehumanize people for economic gain, and used racism as a way to mask their financial motives to justify enslavementRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racism1003 Words   |  5 Pagesracism: Racism-â€Å"the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races.† Imagine, 5 black men. Singing a church song still faithful for hope. Chained and cuffed together. Flies follow them as they walk by in the dry hot desert. With the white oppressor behind them yelling nasty words that poison their brain. Yet they still sing and wait and keep faith. In some statesRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racism1751 Words   |  8 PagesRacism Social Justice Topic Issue Corbin Metz H R – 3013 University of Oklahoma Racism Social Justice Topic Issue Today in our society, racism is a very popular social justice topic issue, which affects many of the lives of those around us on a daily basis. Individuals as well as organizations and institutions widely commit the act of racism and these issues are embedded in their policies, procedures, and practices (Calgary). The first signs of racism beginning to arise in the worldRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racism953 Words   |  4 PagesRacism in America â€Å"Racism is a refuge for the ignorant. It seeks to destroy. It is the enemy of freedom, and it deserves to be met head-on and stamped out.† - Pierre Berton Racism is the unjust hate for any people who are simply different for a various array of reasons. It is all around us and always will be, but that does not give us the right to be passive on the subject. This discrimination against culturally diverse people is hurting our â€Å" land of the free†, one racist remark at a time.Read MoreRacism : Racism And Racism1181 Words   |  5 PagesThis issue of racism is popular by name but tends to be sugar coated by the way people see it. In order to truly understand racism you need to take a bite into the topic in order to get a taste of what it is really like. Racism comes in many different forms and can be seen many different ways. But why even care about racism at all? Why does it even matter? One would think that with such a harsh background regarding racism in America it would no longer exist in society today. But sadly that is notRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racism989 Words   |  4 PagesRacism in America Racism discrimination has been one of our society’s most horrible social problems. In the words of the famous Martin Luther King judging an individual by the color of their skin rather than the content of their character can be a very dehumanizing experience that can have lasting effects on an individual life. Racism in America has not come to a cease. Racism promotes negative personal relations between people of different cultures. I believe slavery started around the 1500sRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racism1971 Words   |  8 PagesRacism has come to be a very important topic in today’s society. Many are talking about the injustices when it comes mostly when it comes to African-Americans and Caucasians in authority. Many have deemed the incidents of Trayvon Martin, Freddie Gray, Sandra Bland, Walter Scott, Akai Gurley, Tamir Rice, the Spring Valley High School video, and even the Charleston Shooting to name a few as reactions to racism. Out of the people talking about these events, only a few really know the meaning of racismRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racism2243 Words   |  9 PagesRacism, a topic which has become especially touchy in modern times. It is quite clear that racism is alive not only in the United States, but across the globe. Though the topic is widely talked about, nobody really does anything to stop it. People will be quick to elaborate on the fact that it should be stopped, then m ake no changes themselves. Yet do they truly understand the concepts of racism and what it really means to be racist? Granted everybody understands that it is racist to hate a groupRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racism996 Words   |  4 PagesCovert Racism Introduction Racism; ‘the belief that races have distinctive cultural characteristics determined by hereditary factors and that this endows some races with an intrinsic superiority over others’ (Collins English Dictionary 2012) and thus leading to ‘abusive or aggressive behaviour towards members of another race on the basis of such a belief’ (Collins English Dictionary 2012). Over time, racism has transformed from a blatant and overt form into a passive style of prejudice and discriminationRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racism1094 Words   |  5 PagesRacism has been an issue that has caused controversial debates for years. It is a topic that stirs up lots of emotions within people and continues to be an argument for all. When there has been a shooting between a white and a colored or a cop and a colored person, people blame it on racism. They state that since the white cop shot the black man it simply means the cop was racist. Then the people want to speak that justice needs to be served and the cop needs to be put in prison or released from

State University Of Missouri s Alcohol Policy - 1809 Words

University of Missouri University of Missouri’s alcohol policy for their tailgate functions is comparable to Missouri State University’s. Mizzou’s Rules and Regulations handbook states under the alcohol policy on page 8 that â€Å"Students and their guests are not permitted to consume, manufacture, use, possess, sell, or distribute alcohol in or on the premises of the University-owned or –operated residential or dining locations, regardless of their age.† As well, stated under Mizzou’s tailgating policy they state that tailgating is a longstanding tradition before Mizzou football contests, built on the tradition of enjoying the fellowship of friends, the Mizzou Spirit, and great Mizzou Football. The University of Missouri and Mizzou Athletics encourage responsible tailgating in an effort to enhance the game day experience, ensure a safe game day atmosphere to all fans, and preserve the beauty of campus. Individuals, groups and organizations holding or participating in tailgate parties are responsible for their own conduct, and are expected to respect the rights of other and the entire University community. †¢ Individuals are responsible for compliance with all local and state laws governing alcohol consumption. †¢ University Rules permit the use of alcoholic beverages at tailgate parties or picnic activities at NCAA intercollegiate athletic events only on the day of the event and in the general proximity of the event, including outdoor locations or in outdoor parking areas. †¢ InShow MoreRelatedRacial Discrimination Is A Social Injustice Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pages Racial discrimination is a social injustice we face in society. In the United States, racial discrimination against minorities in the criminal justice system triggers a range of societal issues that influence African Americans, particularly males. African Americans have been affected in this area in two significant regards. First, African Americans are more likely to be victimized by crime than are other groups. This creates a set of individual and community problems which impede upon other areasRead MoreShould Sports Gambling Be Legal?2342 Words   |  10 Pagesgambling has gained popularity in the United States after a long history of prohibition in many parts of the country. Casino gambling was outlawed in the early 1900’s before being legalized in Nevada and the city of Las Vegas in 1931. In 1978, gambling was legalized in Atlantic City, New Jersey (casino-history.org). Las Vegas continues to dominate as the number one casino destination. Atlantic City and New Jersey have taken a hit as completion in surrounding states increases every year. Pennsylvania surpassedRead MoreThe Mormon Church1710 Words   |  7 Pagesother families in my neighborhood were young, White, middle class, highly educated, conservative, heterosexual, and Mormon with European ancestry. My father, along with most of the other fathers in the neighborhood, was a professor at Brigham Young University. Our culture was based on the teachings of the Mormon Church with a rich pioneer heritage which we celebrated every 24th of July. As children, we would don pioneer garb, decorate wagons and bikes to look like covered wagons or handcarts and marchRead MoreEssay about The American Civil War Was Inevitable1813 Words   |  8 Pagesthat will split the United States into North versus South is truly one of the most defining events in American history. Through numerous events leading up to the start of the Civil War, I will attempt to show how the United States was destined for conflict and that the Civil War was inevitable. The first way I will show how the war could not be avoided will deal with the issue of slavery. Slavery should be the first mentioned because many conflicts within the United States leading up to the Civil WarRead MoreDrugs : A Dominant Dilemma2393 Words   |  10 Pagesmany ways, including the exchange of information within the brain, is slowed. The usage of drugs ruins the users looks, makes them depressed, and contributes to slipping grades. Although it is illegal for someone to purchase, possess, or consume alcohol under the age of 19, many teenagers do. In addition to breaking the law, these teenagers put themselves into vulnerable situations, that can change their lives forever. Drugs produce unpredictable, erratic, and violent reactions that lead to seriousRead MoreThe American Travesty : The History And Evidence Behind The Veil Of Racism 3348 Words   |  14 Pagesfor Smith. Sadly, history reveals that this was not the circumstance. 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Malicious Attacks Free Essays

Malicious attacks basically seek to exploit vulnerabilities in a network. These threats can be passive or active and have very negative consequences. The difference between active and passive attacks are that active attacks makes changes or modifications to the data or attempt to gain some type of access to the network, while passive attacks do not make changes to the system at all. We will write a custom essay sample on Malicious Attacks or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Solomon, 2012, there are many malicious attacks and threats that can be carried out against the network, some of which are identified below: -Brute force attacks are one of the most tried and true attack methods where the attacker uses a software program to try all possible combinations of a password, security code or user ID, until one of them is successful. -Hijacking is another type of attack that involves the attacker taking control of a session between two machines and masquerades as one of them. This can involve man-in-the-middle, browser or session hijacking. Social engineering is another common attack where the attacker tricks the user in carrying out actions for them; for example, the attacker may obtain the user’s login credentials by posing as an IT Specialist which would then help the intruder gain access to the network. -Computer viruses act like a biological virus, where it infects the host program and could cause the host program to replicate itself to other computers. Some of these viruses have become smarter with the capability to combat malware-detection programs by disabling their detection functions. Trojan horse is a malware program that masquerades as a useful program They use their outward appears to trick users into running them; they look like programs that perform useful tasks but actually hid malicious code. -Rootkits are newer types of malware that modifies or replaces one or more existing programs to hide traces of attacks. -Spyware is a type of malware that specifically threatens the confidentiality of information. It does this by gathering information about a user through an Internet connection without the users’ knowledge. The impacts of all of the above attacks could damage or disrupt the system. It could also cause security privileges to be escalated to allow the intruder to access, modify or even delete private data. Additionally, as a result of any intrusion on the network, users would experience PC slowness, crashes and just no access at all to necessary resources. Malicious software is a major threat to the network, internal attackers, equipment theft and denial threats can pose even more of threat. Internal ttackers reside within the company and could be a cybercriminal, which is why it’s important to monitor the threats constantly and carefully. Equipment theft can also pose a serious threat because if equipment ends up in the wrong hands, confidential information could be exposed like account numbers or access codes. Lastly, Denial threats make assets or resources unavailable or unusable by flooding a specific port on a server rendering authorized users no access to import resources, wh ich could be a severe impact. If there is a vulnerability in the network or organization, then there is a possibility of a threat. If the vulnerability can be eliminated or addressed, the risks of attacks or threats are greatly decreased. Some common vulnerabilities are listed below according to Radack, 2013: -In the user domain where the user lacks the awareness of security policies or accidental violation of acceptable use policy in the user domain. -In the workstation domain there could be weaknesses in installed software and where unauthorized users could access the system. In the LAN domain, transmitting private data unencrypted, unauthorized network access and where malicious software can be spread -In the LAN-to-WAN domain there could be exposure and unauthorized access of internal resources to the public and loss of productivity due to internet access. -In the remote access domain is where brute-force attacks occur on access and private data and data leakage from remote access or lost storage devices. In the system and application domain there could be unauthorized physical or logical access to resources and weaknesses in server operating system or application software. -With VoIP there could be default manufacturer passwords still in place, insecure class-of-service settings and trunk access group restriction settings. The impact of any vulnerability is of course the possibility of a threat succeeding. A vulnerability is considered a weakness and any weakness in a network or organization will quickly be exploited by an attacker. The attacker is able to obtain information in all seven domains if one domain is not fully protected. For example, if a brute-force attack is deployed on a network and successful, it could affect users access to resources. Users could be in accordance with security policies and following correct protocol in order to protect the network as much as they can but if the brute-force attack is indeed successful, they efforts are thwarted. This is why it’s important to address each and every possible vulnerability in the seven domains of a network. If users are equipped with the right security tools; workstations are secure with strict access control policies; LAN servers are secured with various standards and guidelines; LAN-to-WAN security should maintained while allowing users as much access as possible; WAN domain has confidential encryption of data transmission; remote access domain has security controls applied according to policies; lastly if the systems/application domain has security policies, procedures and guidelines implemented in the various applications or systems, all vulnerabilities would be addressed. How to cite Malicious Attacks, Papers

Theories Of Crime And Criminology Behavior - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Theories Of Crime And Criminology Behavior. Answer: Introduction Gender and crime are two interrelated terms and help in bringing out different perspectives on deviance. One of such perspectives is the feminists approach where the different aspects of the criminal justice system are stated to be affected as a result of the difference in the approach adopted towards the genders. Crime is something which is committed by both men and women, but it also cannot be denied that men commit more serious crime against women and that women are mostly the victims of criminal activities (Kruttschnitt, 2013). Feminist perspective majorly relates to the stereotyping of the women in the criminal justices system, which includes them being victims and even perpetrators of heinous crimes, in addition to being the justice providers under this system, due to their perceived soft nature. The key belief of feminism is that men and women are equal. The feminism perspective is thus aimed towards getting an equalized treatment when it comes to gender and crime and also sho ws that there is equality between the genders under criminology (Belknap, 2014). In the following parts, the feminist perspective has been critically evaluated in order to analyse their contribution to criminology. Critical Analysis Feminism is not a single theory and expands to a diverse set of agendas and perspectives. The need for feminism perspective stems from the fact that in all the guises of criminology, women are ignored to a huge extent (Bryson, 2016). The formation, production and even the dissemination of criminological knowledge is dominated by men and their discussions. It has been stated that the developments in the 20th century criminology have been inhabited by men alone, and the experiences of women are not even registered for passing comments by the researchers. Even when women are noted, the same is done just through the eyes of men or the male youth. This is the reason why women are always deemed as victims of crimes or weak and feeble creations. Women are victimized when it comes to crime and they become the target of heinous crimes, particularly from sexual assault and domestic abuse. This perceived feeble biological and psychological nature of women has portrayed them as victims of crime more often than their male counterparts (Connell, 2014). Criminal justice systems have, as per the arguments of feminists, neglected the victimization of women and as a result of this ignorance, the female exploitation continues. Even when it is known that crime is conducted against women more often than men, the conviction for rape remains low, which shows the bias. Till a few years back, it was possible for a man to kill his wife after raping her and plead provocation. Even though women used to stay silent in the past about abuses and assaults, the changed times have led to voice being raised against such criminal activities against women. There is also an underrepresentation of women in criminal justice field which has further fuelled the need for a feministic perspective. Women, owing to them being deemed as the caring section, are usually present in the Probation Service Staff. And when it comes to the stricter positions, they are dominated by the males owing to them being deemed as strict and stronger. So, the criminal justice system adopted an asymmetric approach towards gender (Rosenfeld and Penrod, 2011). Feminist criminology was born in late 1960s and 1970s and this was deemed as a second wave of feminism movement which helped in projecting issues which had an impact over the women in public domain. This view helped in gaining an understanding on the women being victims and also the perpetrators of crime. The relationship of criminology and feminism had been embedded with rich exploration of discipline, policy, methods and epistemology. The existing theories and concepts in the criminology field were challenged with this perspective. The critique of British Criminology, Carol Smart (1976) made an observation that women accounted for a very small percentage as being offenders, which led to the focus being placed on women and crime as an issue. It had been argued by Smart that there is a discrimination against women on the basis of sex, and sexism influences the determination of sentencing, punishment and incarceration of women (Simpson, 1989). The police, judges and the other personne l in the criminal justice system have been blamed for the stereotyping of women where it is assumed that a woman would go mad where they go against their biological nature of compliance or passivity and thus commit some criminal activity. This view has been furthered by Spelman who have stated that crime has overlooked the difference as an issue. She placed an argument that feminists concentrated on the privileged women and this results in stereotypical outlooks towards the female offenders (Simpson, 1989). Conversely, the dramatic upsurge of women in criminal activities is seen as the second wave of feminism by Alder. Alder (1995) has placed the argument that even when women were fighting for equal opportunity in context of the male counterparts, the determined women made their way in the key crime scenes like the white collar crimes, robbery and murder. Apart from this, he also stated that the climbing corporate ladder is also changing the nature in the growing involvement of women in criminal activities. The feminist scholars basically attempted challenge the approach of male criminology and towards rectification of the failure in addressing the role played by women when it came to crime and criminal activities. A study was conducted in 1979 by Cerkovich and Giordano for women between the ages of 17 to 29. These studies showed that the response of more liberated participants was less delinquent. An example of this was when they discovered that women responding to the women being involved in the work force instead of staying at home and carrying domestic chores were the least delinquent. When a study on women prisoners was conducted, it was further shown that a high number of women came from impoverished and uneducated backgrounds. The motives of their offending were not liberated which was contrary to the theory of Alder on emancipation conformity posing an offending opportunity. It had been highlighted by Farrington that women were not subjected to severe punishments when compared to the males. It also came to the notice that women indulged in less serious crime and used less violence. Along with this, the feminists in criminology field used defences like post natal depression as giving the reason for their offending. There have also been cited the biological reasons in the majority cases of female criminality which shows that the society has ignored the social and economical reasons behind the offending by females (Gelsthorpe Morris 1990). The work of feminists has not only developed a critique over the accumulated wisdom regarding the female victims and offenders, but they have also highlighted the institutional sexism in the criminological theories, practices and policies. As has been touched earlier, the treatment of women in courts shows that there is an assumed practice of chivalry which shows a huge misunderstanding regarding their sentencing, and the women who do not hold proper gender roles as being a good wife or a good mother, as seen as doubly deviant. The women who have been imprisoned have been shown to be promoted and enforced in domestic roles in the penal regimes. It has also been revealed by the feminist researchers that the girls are penalized for such behaviour which in case is no condoned in boys, is seen as normal (Gelsthorpe, 2003). However, this feminist view has been deemed by the mainstream criminological theorists as being politically driven instead of being neutral (Pinnick, Koertge, and Almeder 2003). Though, this very criticism can be weakened through the realization that all the theories, which includes the theories of such mainstream criminologist is value laden (Kathleen, 2006). Jody Miller (2003) has highlighted that the rejection of feminist criminology as being political holds critique which certainly could not be deemed s legitimate. It has been pointed out that some of the key critiques of this perspective have been formed from the debates carried out amongst the feminists. Feminists perspective has also been criticized for being primarily focused on heterosexual, white and middle class womens interests. It has been argued within the feminist criminology that this view deems men as criminal yardstick; the result of which is equating justice with equality, instead of taking into consideration the o ther influential views like ethnicity, race or social class. Another major criticism of feminism perspective stems from the need of reconciling the difference amongst them in order to steer clear of polarization, especially when it comes to sexuality. This is particularly important due to the factions formed between the feministic perspectives, which include racial feminism, socialist feminism, Marxist feminism, cultural feminism and liberal feminism. Amongst the criticism of radical-libertarian is the hesitation regarding the consensual heterosexuality, as this view provides that such relations can be pleasurable for the women. There have been warnings of dangers of heterosexuality by radical-cultural feminists and they have stated that there can never be a concept of consensual heterosexuality. Thus, this view purports that in a patriarchal society, only lesbians can indulge in consensual sex. Such contrasting views within the feminism perspective open the doors for the same being criticised. The criticism in liberation feminism theory inclu des the claims of manipulating of statistics in order to support the presumption that the gender equality produces higher crime rates in women (Morash, 2017). Janet Saltzman Chafetz, after reviewing the feminist theory made an argument that the present topic amongst the feminist scholars was an intersection of gender, race and class. There has been a range of feminist scholars who stated that there was a need of examining the differences instead of equality. Even though some scholars have stated that this has shifted the focus, the other has stated that this has led to introduction of new conflicts in the feminist studies. There has also been placed an emphasis over the examination of intersection of gender, race and class. And this intersectional perspective has been a focus of women of colour who presented the view that feminism was basically focused upon the experience of middle class white females (Schram and Tibbetts, 2017). In this regard, Amanda Burgess-Proctor provided that there were conceptual factors which led to the difference between the multiracial feminism from the other perspectives. It has been claimed that gender relations did not take place in vacuum and instead men and women were characterized by sexuality, age, race, physical ability, class and other basis of inequality. Also, the focus of multiracial feminism was on the significance of recognizing the manner of intersection system of privilege and power, which interacts on social structural levels. The concept of relationality is the basis of multiracial feminism where the assumption is that people in a group are socially situation in relation to other groups based on their differences. The other factors include social structure and the womens agency in implementation of different approaches and the need of putting focus on the lived experiences of women. This is in addition to the blurred boundaries of criminalization and victimization which are based on false categorization of women as offenders or victims which fails in providing an enhanced understanding regarding the women who indulge in criminal activities (Schram and Tibbetts, 2017). Conclusion Thus, in the preceding parts, effort was made to provide a basic context of the feminist theories regarding crime. Feminism was born in the backdrop of womens movements back in late 1960s and early 1970s. It was born as a concept focused on brining equality of women when it came to the criminal justice system and highlighted the different instances where women are discriminated against in the criminal justice system. For this purpose, the focus is placed on women being deemed as feeble creatures who are not deemed as capable of heinous crimes. However, this perspective successfully highlighted how the same is untrue. The discussion not only highlighted this view, but also criticized the same, where the difference in the branches of this view often seem to clash with each other, making this view unrealistic, particularly when one sect states something and the other says the opposite. Even after all the criticism, the issues raised by feministic perspective cannot be denied and continu e to be true even at the present time. References Alder, C. (1995) International Feminist Perspectives in Criminology. New York: Open University Press. Belknap, J. (2014)The invisible woman: Gender, crime, and justice. Scarborough: Nelson Education. Bryson, V. (2016) Feminist political theory. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Connell, R. W. (2014)Gender and power: Society, the person and sexual politics. West Sussex: John Wiley Sons. Gelsthorpe, L. (2003) Feminist Perspectives on Gender and Crime: making women count. [Online] Centre for Crime and Justice Studies. Available from: https://www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/sites/crimeandjustice.org.uk/files/09627250308553561.pdf [Accessed on: 01/12/17] Gelsthorpe, L., andMorris, A. (1990) Feminist Perspectives in Criminology. New York: Open University Press. Kathleen, D. (2006) Feminist Thinking About Crime. In: Henry, S., and Lanier, M.M. (eds) The Essential Criminology Reader. Boulder, Colorado, United States: Westview Press. Kruttschnitt, C. (2013) Gender and crime.Annual Review of Sociology,39, 291-308. Miller, J. (2003) Feminist Criminology. In: Schwartz, M.D., and Hatty, S.E. (eds) Controversies in Critical Criminology. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Co, pp. 15-27 Morash, M. (2017) Feminist Theories of Crime. Oxon: Routledge. Pinnick, C., Noretta K., and Almeder, R. (2003) Scrutinizing Feminist Epistemology: An Examination of Gender in Science. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. Rosenfeld, B., and Penrod, S. D. (2011)Research methods in forensic psychology. West Sussex: John Wiley Sons. Schram, P.J., and Tibbetts, S.G. (2017) Introduction to Criminology: Why Do They Do It?. 2nd ed. London: Sage Publication Ltd. Simpson, S. S. (1989) Feminist theory, crime, and justice. Criminology, 27(4), 605-632. Smart, C. (1976) Women, Crime and Criminology: A Feminist Critique. London: Routledge Kegan Paul.